2019).Įffective control strategies of this disease include surveillance, prevention of transmission and controlling the reservoir of infection by different methods including culling (Rahman et al.
In this context, lack of enough awareness in public, safe husbandry practices, trading the infected animals and huge economic burden of diagnosis, vaccination and management have led to the persistence of brucellosis in India (Machavarapu et al. In India, brucellosis causes an average loss of US$18.2 per buffalo followed by 6.8 per cattle, 0.7 per sheep, 0.6 per pig and 0.5 per goat (Singh et al. melitensis and cattle as spillover host (El-Wahab et al. Mixed farming of cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats has increased the risk of brucellosis where small ruminants act as primary hosts for B. Brucella species are among those pathogenic bacteria which have propensity to adapt to new host and they can either be naturally transmitted to their primary hosts by direct or indirect contact or sometimes inadvertently to other susceptible hosts (Moreno 2014). Human brucellosis is popularly known as undulant fever, Crimean fever, Mediterranean fever, remitting fever, Maltese fever, goat fever, Gibraltar fever and bovine brucellosis is called as contagious abortion or Bang’s disease (Hayoun et al.
The etiological agent of bovine brucellosis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus, Brucella abortus and occasionally by Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis (Moreno and Moriyon 20 CFSPH 2018a, 2018b). Office International des Epizooties (OIE) declares brucellosis as multiple species disease, infection and infestation (OIE 2018). It is considered as one of the most prevalent zoonosis by Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (Schelling et al. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.īrucellosis is a bacterial disease associated with evolution of agricultural society, where animal husbandry is an integral part, with worldwide distribution. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of B. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence.
Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times.
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